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Qianling Mausoleum
The Qianling Mausoleum () is a Tang dynasty (618–907) tomb site located in Qian County, Shaanxi province, China, and is northwest from Xi'an,〔Valder (2002), 80.〕 formerly the Tang capital. Built by 684 (with additional construction until 706), the tombs of the mausoleum complex house the remains of various members of the House of Li, the imperial family of the Tang dynasty. This includes Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–83), as well as his wife, Wu Zetian, who usurped the Tang throne and became China's only governing female emperor from 690–705. The mausoleum is renowned for its many Tang dynasty stone statues located above ground and the mural paintings adorning the subterranean walls of the tombs. Besides the main tumulus mound and underground tomb of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, there is a total of 17 smaller attendant tombs or ''peizang mu''.〔Eckfeld (2005), 26.〕 Presently, only five of these attendant tombs have been excavated by archaeologists, three belonging to members of the imperial family, one to a chancellor, and the other to a general of the left guard.〔Eckfeld (2005), 26–7.〕
==History==
Following his death in 683, Emperor Gaozong's mausoleum complex was completed in 684.〔Fu, "The Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties," 107.〕 After her death, Wu Zetian was interred in a joint burial with Emperor Gaozong at Qianling on July 2, 706.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 208.〕〔(Academia Sinica's Chinese and Common Calendar Converter ).〕 Tang dynasty funerary epitaphs in the tombs of her son Li Xián (Crown Prince Zhanghuai, 653–84), grandson Li Chongrun (Prince of Shao, posthumously honored Crown Prince Yide, 682–701), and granddaughter Li Xianhui (Lady Yongtai, posthumously honored as Princess Yongtai, 684–701) in the mausoleum are inscribed with the date of burial as 706 AD, allowing historians to accurately date the structures and artwork of the tombs.〔Fong (1984), 35–6.〕〔 In fact, this Sui and Tang dynasty practice of interring an epitaph that records the person's name, rank, and dates of death and burial was consistent amongst tombs for the imperial family and high court officials.〔Fong (1991), 147.〕 Both the ''Old Book of Tang'' and ''New Book of Tang'' record that, in 706, Wu Zetian's son Emperor Zhongzong (r. 684, 705–10, Li Chongrun's and Li Xianhui's father and Li Xián's brother) exonerated the victims of Wu Zetian's political purges and provided them with honorable burials, including the two princes and princess mentioned above.〔Fong (1984), 36.〕 Besides the attendant tombs of these royal family members, two others that have been excavated belonging to Chancellor Xue Yuanchao (622–83) and General of the Left Guard Li Jinxing.〔
The five attendant tombs mentioned above were opened and excavated in the 1960s and early 1970s.〔Eckfeld (2005), 29.〕 In March 1995, there was an organized petition to the Chinese government about efforts to finally excavate Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian's tomb.〔Jay (1996), 228, footnote 59.〕
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